A heart mur­mur is an abnor­mal sound heard dur­ing aus­cul­ta­tion of the heart. It can indi­cate tur­bu­lent blood flow through the heart valves, poten­tial­ly caused by valve abnor­mal­i­ties or oth­er heart con­di­tions. Heart mur­murs are often iden­ti­fied dur­ing rou­tine phys­i­cal exam­i­na­tions and may require fur­ther eval­u­a­tion.

Hyper­ten­sion, also known as high blood pres­sure, is a con­di­tion char­ac­ter­ized by ele­vat­ed blood pres­sure lev­els. It can increase the work­load of the heart and blood ves­sels, poten­tial­ly lead­ing to var­i­ous car­dio­vas­cu­lar com­pli­ca­tions, includ­ing valvu­lar heart dis­ease.

The mitral valve is one of the four valves in the heart and is sit­u­at­ed between the left atri­um and the left ven­tri­cle. The mitral valve plays a vital role in pre­vent­ing the back­flow of blood into the atri­um when the ven­tri­cle con­tracts.

Obe­si­ty is a con­di­tion in which there is an exces­sive accu­mu­la­tion of body fat, often result­ing in an increased body mass index (BMI). Obe­si­ty is asso­ci­at­ed with an increased risk of var­i­ous car­dio­vas­cu­lar con­di­tions, includ­ing valvu­lar heart dis­ease, due to the added strain on the heart and blood ves­sels.

Pul­monary hyper­ten­sion is a type of high blood pres­sure that affects the arter­ies in the lungs. It occurs when the blood ves­sels in the lungs become nar­rowed, blocked, or dam­aged, lead­ing to increased pres­sure.

Rheumat­ic fever is an inflam­ma­to­ry con­di­tion that can occur as a com­pli­ca­tion of inad­e­quate­ly treat­ed strep throat or scar­let fever infec­tions. It pri­mar­i­ly affects the joints, heart, skin, and ner­vous sys­tem.

Rheumat­ic heart dis­ease is a con­di­tion that aris­es as a result of rheumat­ic fever. It occurs when the inflam­ma­to­ry process caused by rheumat­ic fever dam­ages the heart valves, result­ing in valve dys­func­tion.

Sur­gi­cal aor­tic valve replace­ment (SAVR) is a sur­gi­cal pro­ce­dure that involves replac­ing a dam­aged or dis­eased aor­tic valve with a pros­thet­ic valve

Tran­scatheter aor­tic valve implan­ta­tion (TAVI), also known as tran­scatheter aor­tic valve replace­ment (TAVR), is a min­i­mal­ly inva­sive sur­gi­cal pro­ce­dure used to replace a dis­eased aor­tic valve.

Valvu­lar heart dis­ease (VHD) refers to abnor­mal­i­ties or dys­func­tions in one or more of the heart valves, includ­ing the aor­tic valve, mitral valve, tri­cus­pid valve, or pul­monary valve. It can involve con­di­tions such as steno­sis (nar­row­ing), regur­gi­ta­tion (leak­ing), or a com­bi­na­tion of both.